Understanding Keratoconus: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
Keratoconus is a progressive eye disorder where the normally round, dome-shaped cornea thins and begins to bulge into a cone-like shape. This distortion can cause significant vision impairment, making everyday activities such as reading, driving, and using a computer difficult without treatment.
What Is Keratoconus?
According to American Academy of Ophthalmology the cornea is the clear, front surface of the eye that focuses light into the retina for sharp vision. In keratoconus, structural changes in the corneal collagen weaken the cornea, causing it to thin and form a cone. This abnormal shape prevents light from focusing properly on the retina, leading to blurry and distorted vision.
Common Symptoms of Keratoconus
Symptoms usually start in the late teens to early 20s and may progress for 10–20 years. Common symptoms include:
- Blurred or distorted vision
- Increased sensitivity to light and glare
- Difficulty seeing at night
- Frequent changes in eyeglass prescriptions
- Eye strain and headaches
As the disease progresses, the cornea may become scarred, further reducing vision quality.
What Causes Keratoconus?
The exact cause is unknown, but several factors may contribute to its development:
- Genetics – It may run in families
- Chronic eye rubbing – Common in people with allergies
- Underlying medical conditions – Such as Down syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and retinitis pigmentosa
- Environmental stressors – UV exposure and poorly fitted contact lenses
Diagnosis
Keratoconus is usually diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam that may include:
- Corneal topography – To map the shape of the cornea
- Slit-lamp examination
- Pachymetry – Measures corneal thickness
Early detection is key to slowing the progression.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the severity:
- Eyeglasses or Soft Contact Lenses – For early stages
- Rigid Gas Permeable (RGP) Lenses or Hybrid Lenses – For better focus in moderate cases
- Corneal Cross-Linking – A procedure that strengthens corneal tissue to halt progression
- Intacs – Tiny implants that reshape the cornea
- Corneal Transplant (Keratoplasty) – In severe cases with scarring
Living With Keratoconus
With the right treatment and monitoring, most people with keratoconus can lead full, active lives. It’s crucial to avoid rubbing your eyes and follow up regularly with an eye care specialist.
